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The Northumbrian smallpipes (also known as the Northumbrian pipes) are bellows-blown bagpipes from Northeastern England, particularly Northumberland and Tyne and Wear. In a survey of the bagpipes in the Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford University, the organologist Anthony Baines wrote: "It is perhaps the most civilized of the bagpipes, making no attempt to go farther than the traditional bagpipe music of melody over drone, but refining this music to the last degree."〔''Bagpipes'', Anthony Baines, ISBN 0-902793-10-1, Pitt Rivers Museum, Univ. of Oxford, 3rd edition, 1995 147 pages with plates〕 The instrument consists of one chanter (generally with keys) and usually four drones. The cylindrically-bored chanter has a number of metal keys, most commonly seven, but chanters with a range of over two octaves can be made which require seventeen or more keys, all played with either the right hand thumb or left little finger. There is no overblowing employed to get this two octave range, so the keys are therefore necessary, together with the length of the chanter, for obtaining the two octaves. The Northumbrian smallpipes' chanter having a completely closed end, combined with the unusually tight fingering style (each note is played by lifting only one finger or opening one key) means that traditional Northumbrian piping is staccato in style. Because the bores are so narrow, (typically about 4.3 millimetres for the chanter), the sound is far quieter than most other bagpipes. A detailed account of the construction of Northumbrian smallpipes written by William Alfred Cocks and Jim F. Bryan〔William Alfred Cocks and Jim F. Bryan, ''The Northumbrian Bagpipes'', Northumbrian Pipers' Society, 1967.〕 was published in 1967 by the Northumbrian Pipers' Society; it was very influential in promoting a revival of pipemaking from that time. This is now out of print, however. Another description, by Mike Nelson, is currently available.〔http://www.machineconcepts.co.uk/smallpipes/pipe1.htm〕 These two accounts differ rather in their objectives, as Cocks and Bryan was based on descriptions of existing sets, notably by Robert Reid, Nelson being a description of his own design. ==Early development== The earliest known description of such an instrument in Britain is in the Talbot manuscript〔The James Talbot manuscripts, Music MS 1187, Christ Church Library, Oxford.〕 from about 1695. The descriptions of bagpipes mentioned in this early source are reproduced in〔James Talbot's Manuscript. (Christ Church Library Music MS 1187). III. Bagpipes William A. Cocks; F. S. A. Scot, ''The Galpin Society Journal'', Vol. 5. (Mar. 1952), pp. 44–47.〕 One of these instruments was a bellows-blown 'Bagpipe, Scotch', with three drones, whose keyless chanter had a one-octave range from G to g, with each note being sounded by uncovering a single hole, as in the modern instrument. This seems to have been a closed-ended chanter, for the lowest note is sounded by uncovering the lowest finger-hole – there was no bell-note, sounding with all holes covered; further, Talbot did not give the bore of the chanter, suggesting that it could not easily be measured.〔John Goodacre, A Closed-ended Smallpipe Chanter from the 17th Century, ''Northumbrian Pipers' Society Magazine'', v.19, 1998.〕 The three drones were in unison with the lowest note, G, of the chanter, the D a fourth below it, and G, an octave below. It has been argued that such instruments were derived from mouth-blown German three-drone bagpipes.〔The Origins of the Northumbrian Smallpipes, Ernst E. Schmidt, ''Northumbrian Pipers' Society Magazine'', v.21–22, 2000–2001.〕 These instruments seem to have been well-established in Northumberland by the early 18th century; many of the tunes in the William Dixon manuscript are suitable for such simple chanters, and a painting〔(Woodhorn Museum Website )〕 of ''Joseph Turnbull, Piper to the Duchess of Northumberland'', in Alnwick Castle, shows him with such a set. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Northumbrian smallpipes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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